Innovation in nursing Discussion board phase Assignment

Innovation in nursing Discussion board phase - Assignment Example This was a three times increase from the amount that had been channeled by 2009, which is a huge marker of progress in the American healthcare. Innovation in the American healthcare is vital and paramount. Two uses of innovation in healthcare can be derived from two conditions in the health status of the American population. To begin with, there is a financial pressure and squeeze on the healthcare industry, especially from the Affordable Care Act. The providers of healthcare are thus in dire need of creative strategies, ideas and innovations that can enable them keep on delivering high quality healthcare to the American population (Omachonu, 2010). Given the conditions, technological innovation is the most viable chance that they have. Secondly, combined with the cost of care is the aging population and dynamic changes in dietary practices of the American population, and lifestyles of people which expose them to deadly health conditions such as chronic diseases, obesity, heart diseases and diabetes. This, as Porte and Teisberg (2013) collectively note, results to a very big increase in volume of patients who require attention from the nurses. Innovations that will address the above two issues are therefore paramount, and although getting an innovation to be adopted is still a great challenge, it is very important for healthcare institutions to adopt the many available innovations. In addition to the above two, mobile and digital cloud technologies promise an improved health quality and patient care, especially with the ability to provide vital patient care and updated information, and as a result, even physicians have a chance to become better and more efficient (Porter and Teisberg, 2013; Omachonu, 2010). A personal health record that is electronic would be a wise choice in improving the quality of patient care. Such a platform would enable patients and other consumers to share their personal information concerning their health

Undercover Police Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Undercover Police Work - Essay Example when unaccountability in such an area may lead to impractical situations, thereby defeating the aim and purpose of such an act being authorized in the first place. As for ethics, secret operations may be criticized on the basis that such they interfere with a person’s right to privacy and goes on tamper and infringe other’s right. This would be apparent in situations where such acts are found to be on erroneous or based on incorrect information. Furthermore, such acts lead to moral uncertainties. As such operations may lead to corruption of the police officer, disciplinary problems and psychological issues. These are clear cut suggestions that ethical problems do arise when undercover police operations take place. Even though it may be argued that facilitative operations and authorized criminality are necessary for upkeep of law, there are clear cut ethical as well as practical issues, some of which might be tackled and borne in mind before supporting such

Sensory Perceptions Essay Example for Free

Sensory Perceptions Essay Provide at least three (3) reasons for believing in the accuracy or inaccuracy of sensory information. The inaccuracy of sensory information is based our experiences in life or what we experiencing at any given moment. Our sense organ is working when something arouses our nerve cells called receptor in a sense organ (Thinkquest.org. 2011, p.1). Our sight, smell, hearing, taste, and feel are part of our physical awareness. Each sense collects information about how we view the world, self and things, which detects changes within our body, mind and thought patterns (Carter, Aldridge, Page, and Parker. 2009, p.76). Our senses may not deliver accurate data to our brain if our thoughts are not clear. We have been alerted by scientist and philosophers that our sensory information is superficiality (Kirby and Goodpaster. 2007, p.56). All through our life, our senses have enriched our brain in which the senses and the brain are link as we think (p.55). Our inaccuracy of sensory information is limited when there’s an illness, lost of job, exhausted, or death. When demands we face exceeds our ability to meet them, we will feel stressed or anxiety, which affect our ability to use our sensory information. Also our sensory of information have limitations; what smells pleasant may not taste pleasant, a week ago, I brought four peaches from Giant, they were beautiful, nice color, firm texture, and they smelled good, however, they tasted horrible! not one, all of them. Basically, our senses are imperfect. My beliefs in the inaccuracy of sensory information. Identify and describe at least three (3) factors contributing to the accuracy of sensory data. Being observant, looking at things in small details and describing what you see in your owned words (Kirby and Goodpaster. 2007, p.58). Dr. Rita Carter tells us when we look at a scene, we have the impression of seeing all of it at in one glance or we just typically pick out just a few tiny details (2009, p.85). Once we change our habits how we see things, we will realized that no two things are alike. Hearing is the most crucial to our sensory data (Kirby and Goodpaster. 2007, p.59). To become a better listener, we must want to listen which a factor contributing to the accuracy of our  sensory data. According to the book Thinking (2007) â€Å"We can extend our senses by willing and by trying to absorb more intensely the sensual information around us†, this step would be contributing factor to the accuracy of sensory data. We can keep our thinking revitalized and razor-sharp through interaction by sharpening our sensory data by focusing on one sense at a time, writing with the opposite hand, going home or to work in a different direction. The tools I use to help me with my sensory data: (1) ask questions, (2) listening to my inner self or tune in to my conscious, (3) what is my mind set, angry, upset or depress, and (4) using the material in my book Thinking (2007) as a guide to improve my sensory data. Discuss the roles of â€Å"nature† and â€Å"nurture† with regard to the interpretation and evaluation of sensory data. Nature and nurture are the two factors shaping the way our brain functions (Carter, Aldridge, Page, and Parker. 2009, p.192). Nature refers to an individual’s set of genes inherited from his or her parents. The brain is also altered by the nurture which is all the environmental in which an individual is exposed to throughout life (p.192). Nature is a persons biology is his or her destiny, ultimately, whatever experiences he/she has in life positive or negative. I have childhood friends, who came from well to do family, college graduate, great career in the government, lived in nice home, parents were always nice and pleasant. Later on in life, I found out she was sexual abused by her father and eventually she turned to drugs. The experience of my childhood friend has shape the way she behave as a person and changed my ways of believing and thinking what appears to be good is not always necessary true. I did not see the false face of her father, because he was always nice and pleasant. With my childhood friend’s experiences, I’m mindful of my sensory before I make any decision. Have I slipped, yes and I know why. Nature or nurture, every single life experience we have comes to us through our sensory data. References Carter, Rita. Aldridge, Susan., Page Martyn., and Parker Steve (2009). The Human Brain Book. Kirby, Gary and Jeffery Goodpaster. (2007). Thinking, (4th ed). Edition for Strayer University. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Thinkquest. (2010). Introduction to the senses Retrieved:

Production Capacity of Jersey Cows

Production Capacity of Jersey Cows The aim of this study to look up at production capacity of Jersey cows in Malaysia including environment factors effecting milk production Jersey cows. This study to estimated production capacity Jersey cows at state of Keratong, Muadzam, Pahang at longitude 103.4833 °T and latitude 2.8167 °U in closed house system with temperature 24 °C. The milk production of Jersey cows not only referring to genetic makeup but also another environment factors must be consider. The patent climate in Malaysia is hot and humid and Malaysia in tropical region because of this kind of climate the performance Jersey cows not equivalent as Jersey cows performance at temperate country. A good and practical farm management effluence performance of Jersey cows, if a good farm management practice not seriously consider it effect performance Jersey cows milk yield decreases or cannot reach as usual. Because of differences between Malaysia climate and temperate country resulting Jersey cows performance an d milk production. Data collecting from farm record which is Makmur Dairy Sdn Bhd under LKPP (Lembaga Kemajuan Perusahaan Pertanian) corporation. Data collecting including milk production milk yield, lacataion length, dry off period, animal identification and date of giving birth. In this study, research done in the area on milk production was reviewed. Constraints to increase production were summarized and proposals are made for the sustainable development of the dairy sector in Malaysia. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Malaysias Geography Malaysia in the south east part of Asia has a geographic coordinate that reads 2 ° 30 north latitude and 112 ° 30 east longitude. Malaysia country classified as hot and high humid climate and has tropical weather influenced by monsoonal climate because of its latitude and longitude. But the weather in general in Malaysia is without extremities. Monsoon comes twice a year, during the summer season and the other during winter. Summer monsoon brings lots of downpour in Malaysia. Winter monsoon does not cause that much rain and is generally dry. 1.2 Malaysia Self-Sufficiency In Malaysia agriculture history, Malaysia produce milk product at insufficient level and cannot supporting demand from consumer because this may attributed to poor production local dairy animals. The demand for milk from consumers increased each year. In last decade, Malaysia almost depends on milk importation from other countries to fulfill the demands from consumers, about 95% is imported. The statistics from the Department Veterinary of Services in year 2008 for milk product in Malaysia recorded 56.49 million liters of milk was produced in that year and the self-sufficiency in livestock recorded 4.89%. In year 2010, the government target output of milk is 65 million liters and at least 10% self-sufficiency. Malaysia Dairy Industries The cattle population in Malaysia home 900,000 cattle and the large population at northern state of Kelantan 141,502 of cattle and in the southern state of Johor 111,000 of cattle. From the total population only 4% are dairy cattle (DVS, 2008). The total dairy farmer in Malaysia categorize to three structure; smallholder, semi-commercial and commercial. Dairy farm at smallholder level in Malaysia is recorded 519 and has least than 30 number of breeder (DVS, 2008). Meanwhile, 32 semi-commercial dairy farm levels have recorded and have 30 to 50 numbers of breeders (DVS, 2008). The commercial level dairy farms were recorded 28 of them and have more than 50 numbers of breeders (DVS, 2008). Reported milk yield of Malaysia 2631.3 kg per year (DVS, 2008) compared from central of Thailand produced yield from Malaysia that is 3500 kg per year (Kasetsart J, 2009). 1.4 Fact of Jersey Cows The term production indicates something going to be produced or an output product. Meanwhile, capacity is describing the total amount of production at maximum or optimum level. Production capacity of Jersey cow can be measured from the total amount of milk yield. In dairy cattle, Jersey is one of the popular breeds. The origin Jersey cows are from the small British Island of Jersey in the English Channel. A Jersey also known as Alderney cattle at island of Jersey. The colour of Jersey varies, usually light gray to a dark fawn, being darker around the head and hips. Jerseys are noted for the highest milk fat of all dairy breeds. The body of Jersey is at medium ranking categories. An average weight excellent Jersey cows is around 408 to 544 kg. The milk yields of Jersey cow be able to categorize under intermediate milk producer can reach up to 13 times from their own body weight in milk. 1.5 Factor Affecting Production Capacity of Jersey Cows There are two major factors which can influence production of dairy cows, the main quantitative factor is genetics of the breed and the second qualitative factor is environmental. Under normal situations, milk production increasing during the first six week of lactation and then gradually decreases. Breed of cow effluence milk yield, in North America Holstein cow has the highest volume of milk production and total production 7073 kg per year and Jersey cows 4444 kg per year. A dry off period usually practices for two months to the next calving. Milk yield usually reduced when dry period is less than 40-60 days (25-40% less milk). Meanwhile, dry period longer than 60 days in length does not result in a significant increase in milk production. For effective management is accurate quantitative knowledge of factors affecting productive performance of animal (Bagnato and Oltenacu, 1994). The actual amount of milk production affected by several factors of parity, geographic region and mana gement factors. The environment factor is in terms of nutrition intake of cows in the feed ration. Stage of lactation and persistency can be determined by different stages of lactation phase. Management factors consider as feed and water supply the cows consume, insufficient water supply for few hours will result in a rapid drop in milk yield. Milking intervals practices at farm may result milk production. An unequal milking interval produces less milk than those milked at equal intervals. Milking frequency twice a day yields at 40% more milk than once a day. 1.6 Objectives Information on production capacity Jersey cows in Malaysia is still unpublished therefore the present of study was designated by following objective: To measure production capacity Jersey cows at state of Keratong, Muadzam, Pahang at longitude 103.4833 °T and latitude 2.8167 °U in closed house system with temperature 24 °C is . Study various environmental factors affecting performance of Jersey cows in Malaysia Adaptability of Jersey cows in Malaysia climate CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW A research regarding Jersey cows performance has been conducted in various part of the world. There are two major factor affecting milk productions in dairy cattle. First are quantitative factors referring to genetic of dairy breed and the second is qualitative factors referring to environmental factors such as nutrition, stage of lactation and persistency, milking practices, age and size of cow, dry period, estrous cycle and pregnancy, environment. An environmental factor has been stated are known to exert influence on the performance dairy cattle (Javed et al, 2000). A study of factors affecting milk yield in dairy cattle has conducted many people for many years and until now. For next paragraph is the review of studies regarding factors affecting milk yield from various part of the world. These reviews are indicated large differences in performance different of breed in different environment. These variations may be either due to breed, herd, location and environmental differences. 2.1 QUANTATIVE FACTORS 2.1.1 Genetics Differences of dairy breed may reflex on different of milk yield. Comparison between two breed dairy cattle Holstein and Jersey, Holstein has ability to produce more milk higher than Jersey breed. The review of literature revealed that lactation milk yield in Holstein cows can produce up to 5,902 kg and Jersey cows 3,797kg (Gacula et al, 1968). The fat contain in milk composition of Jersey cow is higher than Holstein cows also higher than others dairy breed. Fat percentage in milk composition of Jersey cows is 5.01% and Holstein 3.35% (Sharma et al, 1988). Jerseys had the highest fat content, followed by Guernseys, Brown Swiss, Ayrshires, and Holsteins (Gacula et al, 1968). 2.2 QUALITATIVE FACTORS 2.2.1 Nutrition A nutrient value content for dairy performance in dry matter intake is 89.5%, crude protein 16.6%, crude fiber 10.1%, energy expenditure 3.8%, ash 6.1%, nitrogen free extract 63.4%, total digestible nutrients 72.8%, metabolism energy 11.10%, calcium 0.77% and 0.66% of phosphorus (DVS, 2000). The recommended rates of concentrate feeding for lactating cows from department of veterinary services ministry of agriculture Malaysia suggest for uniformity a concentrate feeding is assumed to be a mixture of feed materials containing a minimum of 15% crude protein, 10.6 MJ/kg metabolize energy, 0.60% calcium, 0.4% phosphorus and 1.0% salt show at table 2.2.1, appendix. Knowledge of feed quality and intake, the extent of cows nutrient reserves that can be used to support milk production can now estimated (Alderman and Corttrill, 1993) Several nutritional factors can influence milk composition. These include plane of nutrition or underfeeding affect milk composition. Under feeding dairy cows can reduces lactose percentage and increasing milk fat percentage. Negative energy balance increasing milk fat Imbalance rations on animal feed (low energy and protein) resulting milk fat decrease and protein percentages (Petersen et al, 1986). Effects on ISO (isometric) on milk fat can probably explain by two factors. First, primiparous cows of high groups of lost substantial body weight during lactation induce negative energy balance and second factors high: moderate of groups produce less milk content higher milk fat because milk production and milk fat are negatively correlated (Pierre et al, 2003). As the proportion of the concentrate in ration increases above 50-60% milk fat percentage tends to decline. These conditions happen because of lower ruminal production of acetate and butyrate (function to synthesis milk fatty acid in mammary gland) associated with high concentration diets in feeding rations. A feeding system may effect on mammary gland health have been studies recently (Ouweltjes et al., 2007). Furthermore, there are interactions between breed and feeding system in dairy cattle may contributed mammary gland health status and milking characteristics (Ouweltjes et al., 2007). A grass feeding system and different level of concentrate offered to animals, (Turner et al., 2003; McCarthy et al., 2007) not effecting lactation stage and somatic cell count. A grazing system applied on dairy cattle (McCarthy et al., 2007), with high concentrate diet have influence average milk flow and milk duration. The extent of lactation period of milk depression is subjective by other feedi ng regime such as rate of feeding and feeding system. In wide-ranging, the impact of feeding high levels of concentrates on milk fat percentage will be less where total mix rations are fed and if feed is offered three or more times daily. There are about 30 nutrients essential for dairy cattle performance, maintenance, reproduction, growth, and lactation. The good quality of feedstuff in ration is to make sure the animal get enough supply for those 30 nutrients, lacking with nutrient in feed can corrected in giving additional supplement to animal. With intensive herd management, deficient nutrients such as those providing energy, protein, minerals or vitamins can be supplied by forage and supplements of adequate quality to produce acceptable gains in milk yield and weight gain (National Research Council, 1971; Bath  et al.,  1978; Ranjhan, 1981). Miller and Dickinson (1968) and Miller (1969) in their studies has found that management practices related to feeding, particularly amounts of concentrate, and reproductive efficiency (percentage days in milk) have the greatest value in predicting herd average milk production and are the most important characteristics common to higher producing herds. McCullough (1969), V erità © and Journet (1971), Ekern and Sundstol (1974), Ekern, Save and Vik-Mo (1975) and Wilkinson (1983) have also shown that intensive feeding of ensiled forages and hay, containing appropriate grain and protein requirements and fed free choice, increases and/or maintains milk production at a higher level by providing the opportunity for animals to be fed the conserved products with minimal loss of nutrients during periods of inadequate forage supplies. 2.2.2 Stage of Lactation and Persistency The animals become profitable when the animal can produce milk at maximum level of lifetime. An earlier selection of animals for their productivity should lead to maximum output in total lifetime (Murdia and Tripathi, 1993). Milk production increases with lactation number and is maximized in the fourth or the fifth lactation. According to Walsh et al, (2007) reported all breed reached average milk flow at week fifth to eight lactation, followed by a gradual decline until lowest point average milk flow at the end of lactation. This is result of the increasing development and size of the udder and the increasing body size over that of the first lactation dairy animal. The expected mature yield (mature equivalent) of primiparous cow calving at two years of age can be estimated by multiplying yield of first lactation by 1.3. Persistency of lactation refers to the ability of the cow to maintain production after peak milk yield; persistent cows consider when the cow tends to maintain their peak yield within a lactation period (Togashi and Lin, 2003; Kamidi, 2005). The cost of the production system can reduce if practice persistency of lactation these is associated with feeding and health costs, reproductive performance, resistance to diseases and the return from milk considering a 305 days production cycle (Solkner and Fuchs, 1987; Dekkers  et al., 1996, 1998). Persistent animals require less energy in early lactation, allowing greater utilization of cheap roughage (Solkner and Fuchs, 1987). All farmer desires their animal given profit in return, according to Dekkers et al. (1997) dairy cow with greater lactation persistency tend to be more profitable than average dairy cows when yield and lactation persistency are correlated, even though the differences are relatively small unless reproductive performan ce is very poor. Other studies however have identified a greater difference in production between once and twice daily herds during late lactation than in early lactation (Claesson et al., 1959), indicating that the persistency of cows milked once daily is less than that of cows milked twice daily. Muir et al. (2004) reported favorable relationships among lactation persistency and some measures of fertility and poor relationships with others (e.g., calving interval). Appuhamy et al. (2007, 2009) reported that diseases tend to significantly affect lactation persistency, rather than persistency affecting disease occurrence, and that there are undesirable genetic correlations among persistency of milk and fat yields and several metabolic diseases. Harder et al. (2006) also reported unfavorable genetic correlations among persistency and metabolic diseases. Lactation persistency as defined by Cole and Van- Raden (2006) is useful as a measure of the shape of the lactation curve independen t of 305-d yield. The results of Jamrozik et al. (1998) and van der Linde et al. (2000) suggest that lactation curves and persistency differ between lactations, and differences probably exist between early- and late-maturing breeds. This was confirmed by Cole et al. (2009), who estimated lactation curves for first and later parities in 6 breeds of dairy cattle and found that parameters describing the shapes of the curves can vary considerably. 2.2.3 Milking practices Milking Jersey cows three times daily results in an average increase. The increase in yield due to milking three times daily varies greatly with the producing ability of the animal on twice a day milking and is inversely proportional to such ability. High producing cows show a smaller increase in yield when milked three times daily than do cows with a lower inherited producing ability. Milking heifers three times daily on test results in a slightly greater development than when the initial records are made on twice a day milking of approximately 19 per cent in butterfat and 21 per cent in milk yield. In addition, positive correlations have been reported between milk yield and MD (Petersen et al, 1986; Weiss et al., 2004). Similarly, results from this study indicate positive correlations for milk yield with average milk flow and milk duration suggest that these correlations differ depending on breed. 2.2.4 Dry period Dry period is non-lactating days between lactations. This non lactation time is generally a 5 to 6 weeks rest period before freshening. The duration of dairy cattle stop from lactating. This duration is needed for regression of mammary gland. During this period, mammary gland starts to repair or develop back imbalance tissues to normal. To induce this process of repairing a special treatment is applied to cow called dry cows therapy. The dry cows therapy is a treatment for controlling bovine mastitis from intact to mammary gland. Usually the recommended dry period practices for about 45-50 days. A practices dry period is less than 40 days, can effect on decreasing of next lactation (Swanson 1965; Coppock et al. 1974; Dias and Allaire, 1982). According to Capuco et al. (1997) the cows given 60 days dry period can increasing mammary DNA synthesis begin occurring about 2.2.6 Calving Interval and Parity Breeding efficiency can be measured by looking to calving interval and age at first calving, although they are not the only measures of herd performance. Speicher and Meadows (1967) have suggested the correct calving interval is 12 months (365 days), the longer calving interval more than 12 months can lose the profit in overdue of feed cost. McDowell (1971) considers the following factors adequate for successful dairying: a calving interval between lactations of less than 450 days; an excess of 200 days in lactation; less than 30 percent female mortality; and proper management. According to Murdia and Tripathi, 1993 a good calving interval for cows at range of 360 to 390 day (12 month to 13 month), if the calving interval shorten than 360 days it can give impact on milk production decline 3.7 to 9 percent in lactation length. If the condition vice versa having longer calving interval more than 450 days (15 months) it will increasing milk yield production for 3.5 per cent. Although, the longer calving interval more 15 months increased milk production this situation may reflect on farmer profit because the milk has been produced not equivalent to feed has been giving to the cows. A study from I.R. Bajwa et al, 2004 the effect of average lactation length on parity is decreased begin at parity 4th and 5th, after parities 5th the milk yield and lactation length start to increased back until parties 8. Both breed and parity effects have been shown to exist on lactation curves (e.g. Wood, 1980; Collins-Lusweti, 1991; Friggens et al., 1999; Rekaya et al., 2001) and can now easily be included as fixed factors in test-day models and other linear models that incorporate time trends (Van der Werf et al., 1998; Macciotta et al., 2005). 2.2.7 Environment Results to characterize effects of climate on milk production are important for commercial milk production, perhaps particularly under circumstances where climate is a limiting factor (Sharma et al, 1988). Major benefits of shade management on milk yield appear to be related to indirect effects such as feed intake and digestive tract performance rather than direct effects on ability of the mammary gland to synthesize milk (Collier et al, 1981). Cows calving from November through March yielded more milk and fat than cows that calved in July and August. These results are similar to those reported by Blanehard etal. (3), Frick et al. (6), Gaunt et al. (7), and Wunder and McGilliard (22). Seasonal variation in animal performance in tropics is expected to be primarily a manifestation of variation in feed quality and quantity (Javed et al., 2000). The animals of temperate regions maintained in tropical conditions cannot behave similarly in both the environments (Javed et al., 2002). This i ndicated that the animals of temperate zone did not adapt to the harsh environments of tropics and could not perform satisfactorily (Javed et al., 2004). CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 Source of Data The data on 233 performance records of 170 Jersey heifers, five bulls for natural mating purpose and 58 are in calves stages during the period of 2007 through 2009 were utilized for present study. All Jersey breed at this farm are pure and imported from Australia. After editing 3.2 Background and Location of Farm The data sources are from farm dairy at state of Keratong, Muadzam, Pahang at longitude 103.4833 °T and latitude 2.8167 °U in closed house system with temperature 24 °C. The sources of data are from Makmur Dairy Sdn Bhd. The Makmur Dairy Sdn Bhd was established under LKPP (Lembaga Kemajuan Perusahaan Pertanian) Corporation Sdn Bhd in May 2006. At beginning farm opening, 300 Jersey animals were imported from Australia. This farm not only focusing on dairy animal but also doing multiple ranches including feedlot cattle, dual purpose goat Shami breed. 3.3 General Management and Feeding Practice This farm practices cut and carry feeding (Guinea and Napier grass) system 40kg/head and concentrate 5-10kg/ head. This farm practices machine milking two daily routine, first at 7.00am and 4.00pm at evening. The entire animal at this farm are under intensive system. After milking process, the animal allow to free-range at paddock from 9.30 am until 10.00am. In this farm consist with two animal barns, barn A and barn B. Inside barn B; it completely closed house system provided with cooling pad and seven fans for cooling purpose. At this farm, they practices animal bedding using sand. 3.4 Data Record Extraction and Editing The following data will be collected: animal identification, date of calving, lactation milk yield, lactation length, lactation stage, parity, dry period, calving interval and nutrition value on concentrate feed. Following performance traits will be recorded/analysis and utilized in the present study. The data analyzed starting from year 2007 until 2009. 3.4.1 Lactation Milk Yield and Milk Yield per Day Total milk produced during a given lactation which terminated normally was considered as lactation milk yield. Lactation milk yield Effects of lactation length; calving interval and service period on lactation milk yield also estimated. Two lactation milk yields was grouped to three classes, this is because the farm newly established for about four years. The mean value, average and standard deviation is counted for lactation milk yield and milk yield per day beginning from 2007 until 2009. 3.4.2 Lactation Length Lactation period each cows is counted start from calving until the cows has dried up. Each of lactation length of cows is counting on average and mean value. The length of lactation period depends on production level and open period of each cow. 3.4.3 Lactation Stage In analyzed the data lactation stage has categorized to three sub classes the three sub class are 1 early lactation stage between 14 to 100 days, 2 mid lactation stage between 100 to 200 days and 3 late lactation stage between 200-350 days. The data regarding from 2007 to 2009 record farm keeping. 3.4.4 Parity The date of calving from first calving at years 2007 until 2009 is record for analyzing the data. Parity if a one major factors effect on lactation milk yield. More parity indicated lower of milk yield in dairy cattle especially in parities 4th and 5th (I.R Bajwa, 2004). The parities are divided into three group first is one for first parity, second is two for second parity and third is three for third parity. 3.4.5 Dry Period The right and proper management of dry period is one of keywords to make sure the milk production can stand in a high amount production. The data regarding dry period is going to make three sub class 1 dry period for 0 to 40days, 2 dry period 40 to 70 days and 3 dry period above 70 days. 3.4.6 Calving Interval The data from date of parturition is used for calculating calving interval, the means, standard deviation and standard error are applied to summarize the data. Because of the cows only have three parities, the calving interval is calculated based on first parities and second parities. The calving interval is divided into four categories that is zero represented for no calving interval, one is below than 360days, two for calving interval at range 360 to 390days and three is above 390. 3.4.7 Nutrition Value on Concentrate feed Proximate analysis of concentrate feed from the farm record is taking up for comparing the nutrition value concentrate feed at farm with recommended nutrient requirements for dairy cattle in different lactation stage. Nutrition is a factors effecting milk production of dairy animal. In different year the nutrition value is different in each year. The lactating ration and the basal ration nutrition value are taking up for comparison on effecting milk yield. 3.5 Data Analysis Analyzing data with unequal parameters and disproportionate sub class analyzed using statistical analysis software SAS 9.0. The data will be analyzed using SAS software with analysis of variance (ANOVA). The two independent variables in ANOVA are called factors, the factors are genetic and environment which can influence milk yield of Jersey cows. Mean values of several factors effecting on milk production capacity of Jersey cows were analyzed on analysis of variance (ANOVA): Production Capacity Based on Year 2007-2009 relating nutrient value on concentrated feed. Production Capacity Based on Parity, Lactation Stage, Dry Period, and Calving Interval. CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The analysis performance groups of Jersey cows productivity from 2007-2009 in various responses factors is interpret. 4.1 Production Capacity Patterns 4.1.1 Production Capacity Based on Year 2007-2009 Relating with Nutrient Value on Concentrated Feed Calculating mean of milk yields begin from year 2007 to 2009 for 126 milking cows was 906.15 ±63.32 liters with a coefficient of variation 78.4%. The highest yield was 949.91 liters at year 2009. In year 2007, the mean milk yield is 615.46  ±85.23liters with coefficient variations 57%. In the next year 2008 the mean milk yield is 953.27 ±99.44liters with coefficient variations 74%. In year 2009 the mean milk yield is 949.91 ±101.84 with coefficient variations 81.4%. The mean lactation length of all cows was 166 ±7.71days, with a coefficient variation 52.2%. For year 2007 it was 166 ±13.19days of lactation length with coefficient variations 32.8%. In year 2008 the mean lactation length is 165 ±12.57days with 54.4% coefficient variations. In year 2009 the mean lactation length is 167 ±12.13days with 55.3% coefficient variations. The milk production and lactation days based on year are shown in table 4.1.1(a) and fig 4.1.1(a). The analysis of variance on milk yield based on nutrient value of year has no significant different effect (P1.66). Nutrient value may effect on milk yield (liters), in nutrient value based on year one the NFE amount around 43-38%, for year two the amount of NFE is around 52-49% and third year the amount of NFE in range 48-52%. The requirement of nitrogen free extracts (NFE) not enough for supporting milk production as recommended value is 63.4% NFE. In year 2007-2008 the amount of total digestible nutrient (TDN) is in rage 56-68% only and it not enough for supporting milk production as recommended amount 72.8%. In year 2007-2009 value of metabolisms energy is sufficient for supporting milk yield because the recommended amount of metabolism energy in ration must be 11.10%. 4.1.2 Production Capacity Based on Parity, Lactation Stage, Dry Period, and Calving Interval. Number of 30 heads milking cow have been observed on the means milk yield (liters) of cows in parities one is 1219.51 ±126.17 with coefficient variance 56.7% and means value for second parities is 1403.22 ±101.02 with 26.9% of coefficient variance in fourteen cows been milking. The third parities for means value of milk yield is 1153.74 ±162.08 liters with 34.4% with six heads milking cows. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) on factor effecting milk yield on parity one, parity two and parity three are significantly different (P Lactation stage are divided to three sub classes, the sub classes are lactation stage one considering as early lactation for 14-100days, second lactation stage is a mid lactation in range of 100-200days and third lactation stage with range of days 200-305days. The mean value for lactation stage one is 160 ± 251.29 with coefficient variance 14.4%. In second lactation stage the mean value is 777.10 ± 92.04 with coefficient variance 45.87%. The third lactation stage the men value is 1550.80 ± 77.91 with coefficient variance 28.86%. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is lactation stage one, two and three have significantly (P Mean value in first dry period is 2266.42 ± 221.66 with coefficient variance 19.56% and second dry period on mean value 1362.10 ± 163.19 with coefficient variance 23.96%. The last, third dry period on mean value is 1158.10 ± 81.58 with coefficient variance 45.65%. The number one, two and three is representing on 1 for 0 to 40days, 2 for 40 to 70days and 3 for above 70days dry period. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) in dry period are significantly (P The mean value for calving interval on zero is 1229.70 ± 130.17 with 57% and second calving interval the mean value is 1605.20 ± 76.88 with coefficient variance 6.8%. The third calving interval is 1300.30 ± 129.46 of mean value and 29.86% of coefficient variance. The calving interval in one and three have not significantly (P Relating all factor effect on milk yield from analysis of variance they are significant between lactation stage and dry period (P CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION After al

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Brown v. Board of Education and Multiculturalism Essay -- Education

On May 17, 1954, in the Supreme Court case of Brown v. Board of Education, the High Court, for the first time in American legal history, challenged the â€Å"separate but equal† doctrine previously established in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and outlawed racial segregation in public schools. The decision, igniting fierce debates throughout the country, was met with violence and strong defiance in the South. The years after Brown, however, saw the passing of several important Acts: the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968. Today, Americans remember Brown v. Board of Education as a success in African Americans’ struggle for equal rights, a change of sea tide for the civil rights movement. While Brown deserves its place in American History Books, its direct product – desegregation – is not the ultimate solution to the education for African Americans. Desegregation only amends the system of education. America h as to reassess the word â€Å"education,† for black Americans and other minority groups to achieve a real equal education. In Supreme Court’s opinion on Brown v. Board, Chief Justice Earl Warren says, â€Å"We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of "separate but equal" has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal† (â€Å"Brown v. Board of Education† 307). While scholars may argue that Supreme Court’s reversal on its previous ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson was abrupt and unexplained (Balkin 11), Supreme Court’s position that segregation in education is â€Å"separate and unequal† was irrefutable. Segregation in education had a long history against the interests of African Americans. For numerical examples, in 1898, the state of Florida spent $5.92 on every ... ...for Education Statistics. Long-Term Trends in Student Reading Performance. Jan. 1998. Web. 2 May 2009. . United States. National Center for Education Statistics. Long-Term Trends in Student Mathematics Performance. Sep. 1998. Web. 2 May 2009. . United States. National Center for Education Statistics. Long-Term Trends in Student Science Performance. Sep. 1998. Web. 2 May 2009. . United States. National Center for Education Statistics. NAEP Data Tool v3.0. Web. 4 May 2009. . â€Å"Vital Statistics.† The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education Winter 2003/2003. Web. 3 May 2009. . â€Å"What Negroes Want Now.† U.S. News & World Report 28 May 1954: 54-59.

Locke and Shakespeare

It is important to note that Locke’s â€Å"Second Treatise on Government† is fully rooted on something ideological and taking parts of it can be considered inappropriate, specially, because the circumstances Locke laid on his work varies form that of Richard II.   Knowing this, Richard II can only be analyzed with reference to some concepts found on Locke’s philosophy rather than an actual application or portrayal of such. Following the flow of Locke’s work, I will start with his concept of the â€Å"state of war.†Ã‚   Locke indicated that a state of war is in contrast with the natural tendency of men to preserve life.   On the other hand, there are certain factors that may threaten a person and may lead him to war or destruction, but never license him to do so.   He supposes that proper implementation of the law and punishment can prevent war. During the onset of the play, it is clear that Richard II has made an erroneous error in not being able to settle and rule a fair judgement on the dispute between Bolingbroke and Mowbray.   When there is a clear indication that law has been broken and that punishment has no basis or bearing and thus, altered, questions will arise and later bring forth war. More of this can be discussed when I go into the detail of political and civil society and the dissolution of the government later in this paper.   My point here is that Richard II’s mercy of reducing Bolingbroke’s sentence to 6 years, no matter how justified, is an act outside of the law that he, himself, should inculcate and practice.   Not to add that the trial by combat that was set for Bolingbroke and Mowbray did not take place upon the king’s discretion. I understand that at the time this play was written, the King is someone ordained by Heaven to rule and so, has the right to grant mercy, create laws, wage war, etc†¦ I believe, on the other hand, perhaps, in one way, or another, similar to Locke, that power is a gift that should never be abused and should always be used for the benefit of the â€Å"natural man.†   A state of nature has existed and can never be repelled from.   In a lawful stage, at this time, that seems very unlikely, and so it does, in Richard II, and so, the next turn of events. The next is Locke’s concept on property.   He pre-supposes that man’s right on land came from the fact that he needs it to survive and he will work to own and maintain it for himself.   Knowing that there was a lot of land for everyone, he assumes that each can be afforded an equal share and that people are not supposed to take more than needed.   He discussed that the value attributed to land, i.e. gold, silver or diamonds is nothing compared to the main purpose – survival. The application of this concept is obvious in consideration of the fact that during the time the play was written; colonization and acquisition of land, in the name of the King was like a trend.   My point in mentioning this though is that improper allocation of funds, seizure of property as well as the war to Ireland are all part of the picture that led Richard II to his tragic ending. While the priorities of the king is largely different from that of the common man, the main truth in surrendering one’s fate to the king is for reasons of survival.   Locke has discussed that a man’s title for property is his own labor.   The king however, thinks otherwise.   I think that a king believes that everything under his â€Å"kingdom† is considered his possession. In the ideal sense, this is true because knowing that the king holds the title to everything means the king has to protect, nurture and make sure that his â€Å"kingdom† is living the good life.   In Richard II’s case, it seems different.   Well, maybe, for that entire period, expanding the land and winning over governance is the main aim of the king.   The bottom line is that while the king is busy making sure he owns and rules a larger â€Å"kingdom,† the people are busy criticizing what the king should do. Moving on, Locke’s discussion on the political and civil society and the dissolution of government is the main theme of Richard II as well as of this assignment.   Locke primarily said that a government exists when people decides to resign their individual rights to the government.   He however, explicitly points out that there is no place for absolute monarchy in a civil society.   This is because having the rights of all depend on one or few people means that judgement is overseen. Knowing that the ruler is also the maker and implementer of laws mean that the ruler is not subjected to any judge – the ruler cannot judge himself, perhaps only by conscience, but seemingly, the ruler becomes above of everything he has set.   And so, such may lead to anarchy, rebellion and the disintegration of the government. The type of government alone is already a subject of discussion for if Locke doesn’t believe in monarchy, then the governance of Richard II is already considered a true government.   Perhaps that was the reason why anarchy, as Locke has discussed, took place later on. Earlier in this paper, I’ve mentioned that the king’s priorities are different from the common man.   It is important to note that even Locke agrees that the common man will not understand this.   The common man’s concern is simply his/her survival – it doesn’t matter how, where, when, as long as they have the right to land and live well, then all should be well. I think this is where Richard II failed as a king.   He understands the need for war (land), the ways (funds) and even the need for strong governance (resolving conflict and â€Å"politics†) but he did not see things in a bigger picture, he did not use Locke’s simple interpretation of things.   He didn’t listen to the needs of the people and focused only on his needs as king. The way the play has progressed revealed how all of Locke’s descriptions and/or principles come into perfect merge with the eventual ending.   As I have discussed with his principles on the state of war and of property, it is clear that Richard II has brought his fate upon himself when he acted upon his assumptions.   If he hasn’t ordered the death of the Duke of Gloucester, Henry wouldn’t have had the opportunity to accuse Mowbray with treason (diversion of funds and the Duke’s death). If he has chosen to let the law decide on the fate of both, he wouldn’t have faced the dilemma of banishment.   Perhaps it was guilt, for Henry’s accusation was true, perhaps, it was because he failed to foresee the course of evens and thought that banishing Henry will be a good-of-a-solution to keep his popularity with the commoners from increasing, or perhaps, it was simply because he was just a weak king. Locke also discussed that the dissolution of the government as a result of rebellion does not necessarily mean that the government will cease to exist.   It means that change is needed and a new governance is required.   Perhaps, this is why Richard II chose to step down without the need for violence and allowed Henry to rule.   Come to think of it, if he didn’t step down, he wouldn’t have had enough power and manpower to protect him anyway, for even his own army was easily swayed with rumor that he was dead. It is on that change of governance that Locke finished his discussion.   The play however progressed further into the tragedy it is known for – the murder of Richard II.   I think this part can be associated to Locke’s early discussion on man’s state of nature.   It is quite funny that in spite of the fact that a political and civil society (at least if we are to forego the fact that it’s a monarchy) already exists in Richard II, man’s state of nature – where he believes that he has power over someone weak and/or has the right to subject someone who has offended him – will always be part of it. And so, Sir Pierce killed Richard II, thinking it is what Henry desires, which is actually true, but in any case, has caused his banishment.   This simply proves that man – no matter what state he or she is, will always be man, just as Locke attempted to base when he discussed his theory. If you’ll come to think of it, this last scenario is not so much different with the onset of the play where Mowbray was accused of murder and was banished.   The irony of such similarity may simply mean that unless the government is changed, the process will repeat.